In 2023, OpenAI told the UK parliament that it was “impossible” to train leading AI models without using copyrighted materials. It’s a popular stance in the AI world, where OpenAI and other leading players have used materials slurped up online to train the models powering chatbots and image generators, triggering a wave of lawsuits alleging copyright infringement.
Two announcements Wednesday offer evidence that large language models can in fact be trained without the permissionless use of copyrighted materials.
A group of researchers backed by the French government have released what is thought to be the largest AI training dataset composed entirely of text that is in the public domain. And the nonprofit Fairly Trained announced that it has awarded its first certification for a large language model built without copyright infringement, showing that technology like that behind ChatGPT can be built in a different way to the AI industry’s contentious norm.
“There’s no fundamental reason why someone couldn’t train an LLM fairly,” says Ed Newton-Rex, CEO of Fairly Trained. He founded the nonprofit in January 2024 after quitting his executive role at image generation startup Stability AI because he disagreed with its policy of scraping content without permission.
Fairly Trained offers a certification to companies willing to prove that they’ve trained their AI models on data that they either own, have licensed, or is in the public domain. When the nonprofit launched, some critics pointed out that it hadn’t yet identified a large language model that met those requirements.
Today, Fairly Trained announced it has certified its first large language model. It’s called KL3M and was developed by Chicago-based legal tech consultancy startup 273 Ventures, using a curated training dataset of legal, financial, and regulatory documents.
The company’s cofounder Jillian Bommarito says the decision to train KL3M in this way stemmed from the company’s “risk-averse” clients like law firms. “They’re concerned about the provenance, and they need to know that output is not based on tainted data,” she says. “We’re not relying on fair use.” The clients were interested in using generative AI for tasks like summarizing legal documents and drafting contracts, but didn’t want to get dragged into lawsuits about intellectual property as OpenAI, Stability AI, and others have been.
Bommarito says that 273 Ventures hadn’t worked on a large language model before but decided to train one as an experiment. “Our test to see if it was even possible,” she says. The company has created its own training data set, the Kelvin Legal DataPack, which includes thousands of legal documents reviewed to comply with copyright law.
Although the dataset is tiny (around 350 billion tokens, or units of data) compared to those compiled by OpenAI and others that have scraped the internet en masse, Bommarito says the KL3M model performed far better than expected, something she attributes to how carefully the data had been vetted beforehand. “Having clean, high-quality data may mean that you don’t have to make the model so big,” she says. Curating a dataset can help make a finished AI model specialized to the task its designed for. 273 Ventures is now offering spots on a waitlist to clients who want to purchase access to this data.
Clean Sheet
Companies looking to emulate KL3M may have more help in the future in the form of freely available infringement-free datasets. On Wednesday, researchers released what they claim is the largest available AI dataset for language models composed purely of public domain content. Common Corpus, as it is called, is a collection of text roughly the same size as the data used to train OpenAI’s GPT-3 text generation model and has been posted to the open source AI platform Hugging Face.
The dataset was built from sources like public domain newspapers digitized by the US Library of Congress and the National Library of France. Pierre-Carl Langlais, project coordinator for Common Corpus, calls it a “big enough corpus to train a state-of-the-art LLM.” In the lingo of big AI, the dataset contains 500 million tokens, OpenAI’s most capable model is widely believed to have been trained on several trillions.
Common Corpus is a collaboration coordinated by the French startup Pleias, in association with a variety of other AI groups, including Allen AI, Nomic AI, and EleutherAI. It’s backed by the French Ministry of Culture and claims to include the largest open dataset to date in French. It aspires to be multicultural, though, as well as multipurpose—a way to offer researchers and startups across a wide variety of fields access to a vetted training set, free from concerns over potential infringement.
The new dataset also comes with limitations. A lot of public domain data is antiquated—in the US, for example, copyright protection usually lasts over seventy years from the death of the author—so this type of dataset won’t be able to ground an AI model in current affairs or, say, how to spin up a blog post using current slang. (On the flip side, it might write a mean Proust pastiche.)
“As far as I am aware, this is currently the largest public domain dataset to date for training LLMs,” says Stella Biderman, the executive director of EleutherAI, an open source, collective project that releases AI models. “It’s an invaluable resource.”
Projects like this are also exceedingly rare. No other LLMs besides 273’s have been submitted to Fairly Trained for certification. But some who want to make AI fairer to artistswhose works have been slurped into systems like GPT-4 hope Common Corpus and KL3M can demonstrate that there is a pocket of the AI world skeptical of arguments justifying permissionless data scraping.
“It’s a selling point,” says Mary Rasenberger, CEO of the Authors Guild, which represents book authors. “We’re starting to see much more licensing, and requests for licensing. It’s a growing trend.” The Authors Guild, along with actors and radio artists labor union SAG-AFTRA and a few additional professional groups, was recently named an official supporter of Fairly Trained.
Although it doesn’t have additional LLMs on its docket, Fairly Trained recently certified its first company to offer AI voice models, the Spanish voice-changing startup VoiceMod, as well as its first “AI band,” a heavy-metal project called Frostbite Orckings.
“We were always going to see legally and ethically created large language models spring up,” says Newton-Rex. “It just took a bit of time.”
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Kate Knibbs
